Galerina paludosa (Fr.) Kühner, Encycl. Mycol. 7: 184. 1935.

= Agaricus paludosus Fries, Epicr. Syst. Mycol. 209. 1838 (basionym).
= Galera paludosa (Fr.) Kummer, Führ. Pilzk. 75. 1871.
= Tubaria paludosa (Fr.) Karsten, Hattsv. 1: 445. 1879.

Pileus (4-)8-15 mm diam, 4-9 mm tall, conic or campanulate when young with margin incurved and touching the stipe, expanding to broadly conic or broadly campanulate in age, retaining a prominent umbo and margin becoming decurved, pellucid-striate; surface moist, hygrophanous, at first with a thin layer of appressed white velar fibrils, these separating and forming scattered small squamules that soon disappear, becoming glabrous in age; dark brown (7F6-8) overall when young with veil, disc and striae remaining so or fading slightly with maturity; margin fading to brown (6E6-8), becoming greyish orange (5B5) overall with moisture loss. Context relatively thick (1.0-1.5 mm), concolorous with pileus surface. Odor and taste not distinctive. Lamellae ascending-adnate, often with a short decurrent tooth, subdistant with 2-3 series of lamellulae, broad (1.5-3.0 mm), convex, greyish orange (5B7) to brown (6D-E5-6; "hazel"). Stipe 50-90 X 1.25-1.75 mm, central, terete or slightly and gradually enlarged downward, dull, moist to dry, hollow, pliant, glabrous beneath partial veil fibrils; surface light orange (5A5) when young, becoming greyish orange (5B5-7) overall in age, with a well developed, white, cortinate to submembranous partial veil that forms a white superior annular zone of fibrils on stipe after pileus expansion, and with scattered irregular patches of veil fibrils adhering below annular zone, glabrescent; base of stipe pubescent to tomentose at point of attachment to mosses.
Basidiospores (8.9-)9.3-11.2(-12.8) X (5.0-)5.5-7.0 µm [range of means = 9.9-10.0 X 6.2-6.3 µm, mean of means = 10.0 ± 0.1 X 6.3 ± 0.1 µm, Q = 1.4-1.8, range of Q means = 1.6 1.7, mean of Q means = 1.61 ± 0.02, n = 25 spores per 4 specimens], pip-shaped to broadly amygdaliform, often with a suprahilar flattening, pale tawny, nearly smooth to finely verrucose roughened, with an indistinct to distinct smooth plage with bulge; loosened perispore occasionally present; germ pore absent. Basidia 24-33 X 8.0-11.5 µm, clavate, 4-spored, clamped. Basidioles clavate. Lamellar edge sterile; cheilocystidia numerous, 25-37 X 6.5-10.0 µm (at broadest), narrowly utriform to ventricose, seldom lageniform or irregular in outline, majority subcapitate, a few capitate and a few noncapitate; capitulum 3.8-7.5 µm diam with neck 3.2-5.2 µm diam, hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis; hyphae 4-20 µm diam, repent, cylindric, nongelatinous, weakly to strongly incrusted, thin- to thick-walled; walls and incrustations yellowish orange to pale brownish orange; terminal cells only slightly differentiated from subtending hyphae, cylindric to clavate, repent to suberect, smooth. Velar tissue composed of clusters of short-celled hyphae forming erect chains; cells 8-16 µm diam, hyaline, smooth. Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical and medullary hyphae undifferentiated, 4-14(-20) µm diam, parallel, cylindric, nongelatinous, smooth or weakly incrusted, thin-walled, pale yellow to pale brownish orange. Caulocystidia absent. Velar hyphae similar to those on pileus surface. Clamp connections common in all tissues.
Habit, habitat and distribution in the Hawaiian Islands. Solitary to scattered, growing directly on decayed Sphagnum palustre L. along margins of bog adjacent to Montane Wet Ohi`a Forest, overstory of ohi`a (Metrosideros polymorpha; Myrtaceae) and kolea (Myrsine lessertiana A. DC; Myrsinaceae). Feb. to Jul. Hawai`i.
World distribution. Widespread in temperate Northern Hemisphere Sphagnum bogs.
Selected descriptions and illustrations. Kühner, 1935; Smith & Singer, 1964; Gulden, 1980; Watling & Gregory, 1993.
Specimens Examined. U.S.A. HAWAII: Hawai`i, Wailuku Bog off Saddle Rd. at 14 mi marker, 2 Feb. 1994, DEH 412; same location, 12 Feb. 1994, DEH 415; same location, 22 Mar. 1994, DEH 435; same location, 7 Jul. 1994, DEH 493. Waipio Ridge Trail, 23 May 1995, DEH 796.
Commentary. In the Hawaiian Islands, Galerina paludosa is known from only two Sphagnum bogs on the island of Hawai`i. The Hawaiian material is indistinguishable from specimens from eastern United States and Europe, and was probably introduced along with Sphagnum palustre to Hawai`i. This is the first report of G. paludosa from the central Pacific.

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